What 'peer-reviewed' actually means on a supplement label

The phrase is everywhere. The standards behind it vary wildly. Here's how to read past the marketing.

A peer-reviewed paper is, at minimum, a paper that has been read critically by independent specialists before publication. That is the floor. The ceiling, sample size, replication, conflict-of-interest disclosure, statistical pre-registration, is much higher, and almost never visible from a product page.

Three questions worth asking

• How many participants were in the trial? (Under 30 is suggestive, not conclusive.)
• Was it placebo-controlled and double-blind?
• Has the result been replicated by an independent team?

We cite our studies in full, with links, on every product page. Read the abstracts. Read the methods. Decide for yourself.